The process employed a matrix of collagen seeded with muscle cells bathed in a nutritious solution and induced to divide. In 2001, dermatologist Wiete Westerhof along with van Eelen and businessperson Willem van Kooten announced that they had filed for a worldwide patent on a process to produce cultured meat. Vein secured patent US 6835390 for the production of tissue-engineered meat for human consumption, wherein muscle and fat would be grown in an integrated fashion to create food products. In vitro cultivation of muscle fibers was first performed successfully in 1971 when pathologist Russel Ross cultured guinea-pig aorta. The earlier discovery of cell lines provided the basis for the idea. He attended a university lecture discussing the prospects of preserved meat. As a prisoner of war during the Second World War, Van Eelen suffered from starvation, leaving him passionate about food production and food security. In the 1950s, Dutch researcher Willem van Eelen independently came up with the idea for cultured meat. In a 1931 essay published by various periodicals and later included in his work Thoughts and Adventures, British statesman Winston Churchill wrote: "We shall escape the absurdity of growing a whole chicken to eat the breast or wing, by growing these parts separately under a suitable medium." The theoretical possibility of growing meat in an industrial setting has long been of interest. A September 2021 poll indicated that the majority of industry CEOs have a preference for cultivated meat, with 75 percent of 44 companies preferring it. In September 2019, GFI announced new research which found that the term cultivated meat is sufficiently descriptive and differentiating, possesses a high degree of neutrality, and ranks highly for consumer appeal. Some industry stakeholders felt that the term unnecessarily tarnished conventional meat producers, continuing to prefer cell-based meat as a neutral alternative. By 2018 it had surpassed cultured and " in vitro" in media mentions and Google searches. The Good Food Institute (GFI) coined the term in 2016, and in late 2018, the institute published research claiming that use of clean better reflected the production process and benefits. Artificial meat is occasionally used, although that specific term has multiple definitions.īetween 20, clean meat gained traction. Nomenclature īesides cultured meat, the terms healthy meat, slaughter-free meat, in vitro meat, vat-grown meat, lab-grown meat, cell-based meat, clean meat, cultivated meat and synthetic meat have been used to describe the product. The first restaurant to serve cultured meat opened in Singapore in 2021. Cultured meat is mass-produced in Israel. Data published by the non-governmental organization Good Food Institute found that in 2021 cultivated meat companies attracted $140 million in Europe. The applications for cultured meat led to ethical, health, environmental, cultural, and economic discussions. ![]() The production process is constantly evolving, driven by companies and research institutions. ![]() Avant Meats brought cultured grouper to market in 2021, while other companies have pursued different species of fish and other seafood. While most efforts focus on common meats such as pork, beef, and chicken which constitute the bulk of consumption in developed countries, companies such as Orbillion Bio focused on high-end or unusual meats including elk, lamb, bison, and Wagyu beef. Since then, other cultured meat prototypes have gained media attention: SuperMeat opened a farm-to-fork restaurant called "The Chicken" in Tel Aviv to test consumer reaction to its "Chicken" burger, while the "world's first commercial sale of cell-cultured meat" occurred in December 2020 at Singapore restaurant 1880, where cultured meat manufactured by US firm Eat Just was sold. In 2013, Mark Post created a hamburger patty made from tissue grown outside of an animal. A video by New Harvest / Xprize explaining the development of cultured meat and a "post-animal bio-economy, driven by lab grown protein (meat, eggs, milk)" (runtime 3:09)
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